Concrete dam.



H. A. IGKB.

CONCRETE DAM.

APPLIUATION FILED Mao. a1. 190e.

942,645. Patented Dea-7,1909.

9g 2 SHEETS-BH'EET 1.

if *i H. A. ICKE.

CONCRETE DAM.

APPLICATION FILED D110. 31.1908.

Patented Deo'?, 1909.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

WITNESS/58 Arron/vers entran sri-.arras rarianr orifice.'

rinivnr aar'nunl icirn, or etrusca-i srnn'rron, ENGLAND.-

CONCRETE DAM.

Specification orietter-s atent.

'Patented Dec. '7, i909.

f appiieaon sied necemjner 31, isos. serial No. 470,157.

ARTHUR Ion-E,

due to .climatic changes, and open onthe up-' stream side of the dam to form pockets for the reception of the Water, to utilize the latter to give stability Ito the structure and producing direct tensile `stresses instead of transverse and compression stresses, thus insuring the desired resistance and lprtividing Aat the same time suitable overliovvs or spillways for the surplus Water.

v ln ldesigning reinforced concrete dams, it has hitherto been the practice, While utilizing the water to give stability to the structure, to inalre them consist 'of a series of similar cells having a rectangular figure of vertical section transversely to the direction of the stream .and with a main reinforcement consisting of bars parallel to the sides of the figure, the pressure of the water 'thus developing transverse or bending stresses in vthe slabs forming the I:roofs of these cells, While no provision ywas made to eliminate the stresses dueto expansion andcontraction. In the present case the concrete dam consists of groups yof cells or of pockets with arched roofs and dished floors, While the common part'tio'n walls form the straight sides of the pockets,

sile stresses are developed by the pressure of the water. The roofs of someof the cells of each group are at a higher level than .the

lothers and consist ofarches Withoutspanvadapted to compensate for exdre'l filling, pansion and contraction in the structure, and are hereinafter referred to as the flexible "arches andjcells.V The roofs of the other 'cells consist of arches witlspandrel filling,

adapted to be used as spilli ys for the `overi flow .of water,v and are'hereinafter referred to as-spillivay arches 'and cells.

A practical embodiment of the invent-ion 1s represented in the accompanying drawthe King of vGrreat Britain, andv `oiny of construction,

npressure of the water,

the line of the -inain reinforce-fv -ment forming a ligure in which direct ten-- and the diaphragins.

which similar characters of reference .indicate corresponding parts in all the views.

'Figure 1 is vat-ionof a Water way provided with the improvement, the section being on the line 1-1 of Fig.'2; Fig. 2 is partly across section ofthe same on ithe line 2 2 .of Fig. l and partly an up-stream elevation. Fig. 3 is an -enlarged section of :the upper portion of the dam and showin one of the spillways; `and Fig. l is a similar view of the foundation portion of 1the dam. t l A transverse section of the dam is approximately of a triangularA figure, and the cells formed in this construction provide correspondingly shaped pockets .open at the upstreamside of thevdam and to the Water. Each .of the cells consists of a floor, common side walls and` roofs, .comprising respectively the base A, diaphragms B and the decking or apron .C of the dam. The base A and the decking' C are integrally connected with each other at the down-stream angle of the dam and by the diaphragms B. lThe cells or pockets are arranged one alongside the other, as plainly shown inthe drawings. The roofs D of the iiexible cells D are raised above those of the spillway cells E, the spandrels of which being filled to the level of the `Acrown .of the arches forming thedioors of the spillways for the overflow of surplus water. The stilts F .on which the flexible arches are carried form the sides of the s, illvvays.

The angle of slope of the eclingv is determined in eaehcase with regard to econtaking into consideration the varea ofthe floor, the Weight and the secondary compression stress developed-in thedecking and the required thickness. i I

By the arrangement described the arches of the cells D allow expansion and contraction of the dam due to climatic changes, and .by having the cells or pockets D and E open at the up-stream side of th'e'dam, it is evident that the said cells or lpockets fill with a. .longitudinal sectional elewater andthe latter is utilized for giving stability to the structure, especially as this ance in therdam and flexibility in *the arches The licensor base A is .extendeik at its lower end 4to formv a Water ycushion A', and

iio

tho. bottom of the base Aris provided with anchoring devices A2 at the lower end ofl the base and its extension, and anchoring means A3 are alsoformed on the upper en ofthe base or f1oor"A,as plainly indicatedl in. Fig. l'. It is understood that these anchoring means A2, lA3 form integral parts of the base A and are embedded in the material constituting the bottom of the waterway in which the damis located. 'By the arrangement described, the dam can be carried `to any desired height, and the-surplus Water is taken care of by the spillways formed betweenv the archesof the flexible cells- D,`as abovev described and shown in the drawlngs.

ln practice, the diaphragms B need only .be of sufficient stiffness to carry the Weight of the wall which forms the rooffor the cells or pockets D and E. The balanced' forces of the pressure ofthe water and the l so cells. The members G run in straight lines -in thediaph'ragms B and the vmembers, Gv,

G2 are sem'icircular` or segmental lin shape and extend in the base A- and roofs C, re-A Aspectively. `The reinforcement member G.

of one cell is placed in the diaphragm near the face of the next adjacent cell, thus facilitati'ngthe location of the members G and G2 farther from `the face of thebase A and the roof C of the cell, thereby insuring 4safe resistanceto the shearing of 'the concrete.' The curvature of the member G in the base A of the cell may be made less than a semicirclev (see Fig. 4S), the horizontal stress being sustained byLa Areinforcing strut :adjacent spillway arches,- so' that. the stresses developeda't the s pringings are 'exi' ,Ga (see Fig. 4)

connecting the main reinforcements of adjacent arches" at 'their springings. ,The same construction may also be applied to' the .contiguous halves of two actly balanced. The mam reinforcements andstruts are adapted t orsegmental arches. v

Asthe pressure of thewater 1s equal on `'each side lof a diaphragmf- Bit is evident that'in themain reinforcement shown and Iwhich the arches are mounted.V This 4slight bending stress may be eliminatedby lowering the sprlngings of the'fleXi-ble arches, or i dgscribed no transverse or bending'stress is ld veloped bythe pressure of the water within vthe cells,

flexible cells D formed by the stilts F'on Small transverse bars may be employe'cl`nto o either semicircular .becarried by it. -except onfthat. portion` of the it may be sustained together with the stressdeveloped by expansion and contraction by the cantaliver arms and horizontal pier formed between the springings of the fieXiyble and spillway arches and by the crown of' ygthe spillway arch. 4The upper arm and the side of the pier are strengthened by the aux- 'iliary reinforcing members H and Il-,as

plainly indicated in Fig. 3.- i

The members G, Gf andl G2 ofthe main reinforcement form a continuous loop around each cell. The reinforcing members G, G-, G2, G3, H and-H may consist of any y suitable bars of desired size and strength.

sustain the stress due to unequal expansion, and to insure against the cracking ofthe concrete at the surfaceuse is madev of finemeshed fabric reinforcements I, as indicated in the drawings.

e5, Any known method may be employed to vrender the concrete impervious. The flexiblearches may be made oftwo or more rln'gs with a metal `plate or a' layer, or a wash of impervious material between them,

n and as there 1s a point of oontra-stra1n 1n .each quadrant due to the slight bending action caused-by expansion and contraction, no appreciable abrasion or distortion ofthe material will take place. vVhen the flexible arches are composed of two or more rings,` the main reinforcement should preferably be placed-near the middle of the'outer one Iand afine-meshed reinforce1nent'- should be placed near the inside andoutside surfaces of the rings of the flexible arches. To prevent leakage in the Afloor of the,

` dam it may be thickened as-shown. The soffits ofthe spillway arches may be flattened and reinforced as shown, and for economic considerations hollow spaces may be formed in the spandrels of the arches, and those in the decking should be closedat the upper end 'land have small `outlets 'to the downstream side ofthe dam at their lower ends.

, The main reinforcement is distributed longitudinally in the diaphragms B according to stress, and runs in vstraight; lines through them. In the flexible arches themain reinv forcement runs in planes at rightangles to 11'5- the 'axes of the arches, it being understood that a change in the direction of the rein'- forcement is made by a curve between the springings' of thespillway and the flexible Toincreas'e the capacity of the 120 arches.- spillway, ycurved or ',splayed. wingsmay 'be formed by projecting the stilts of the arches forward upstream,t'o serve as guides for the water and any solid matter fromtliat may -V125 The spillway arches are of s uficient thickness. to prevent appreciable. horizontal thrust at the springings, and the diaphragms are'- .stiffeno'ughto carry the weight ofthe decking' when the 'dam is empty. `".lhe dia? 130 phragms B, especially those between the spillway arches, are preferably stiiiened by pilasters or they are divided in groined arches andv columns.

The proportionate length of thedani occupied by the flexible arches depends upon the length of the spillway required, the range of temperature expected, etc. It the length of the spillway required is small, the

number of flexible arches may be increased and their springings brought ydown to the level of the spillway floor, the stiles being made to form a stiftl portion ofthe flexible arches. If a long proportionate ylength of spillway is required, the flexible arches may be made greater than Ia semicircle and the spillway arches made correspondingly stift.

ln order to clearlyshowv the reinforcing members, the thickness of the diaphragms and' arches has been exaggerated in the drawings; in practice lighter sections may be adopted. Besides the reinforcements described and shown, suitable bars spillway cells,

should be employed to sustain secondary stresses where they occur.

1 do not wish to limit myself to the arched as flat-roofed cells reinforced by any suitable system may be used'in com bination with the flexible arches.

Having thus described my invention, I

claim as new and desire to secure by laet-y stresses on thel members of the dam.

3. A concrete dam, comprising integral member-s forming pockets open at the up.- stream side ofthe dam.

4. A concrete dam, comprising pockets 'l openI only yat the tip-stream side of the dam.

5. A concrete dam, comprising pockets open only at the up-stream sideoifl the dam and approximately triangular in shape, the Ease of the triangle forming. the floor of the 6. A concrete dam, comprisin/ 'pockets open, only at the upstream side o the dam and approximatel triangular in shape, the base of the .triangle forming the floor of the dam, and the floor being extended beyond the 'apex of the triangle to' ferm' an integral water cushion.

l y 7. `A vconcrete dam, comprising pockets y ed with comprisning a floor, a

open only at the upstream side of the dam, the pockets being arranged in series connected with each other by arches.

8. A concrete dam, comprising pockets open only at the 11p-stream side of the dam, the pockets being arranged in series connecteach other by arches forming spaced spillways for the surplus water.

9. A concrete dam,v comprising pocketsV open only at the 11p-stream sideof' the dam, the pockets having a floor, an inclined wall extending integrally from the lower end of the fioor inanlup-stream direction, and vertical diaphragms lintegrally vconnecting the said wall with the said fioor.

10. A concrete dam, comprising pockets open only at the 11p-stream side of the dani, the pockets having a floor, an inclined wall extending lintegrally from4 the lower end of' .the floor in an up-stream direction, the wall being formed at intervals into arches, each arch forming the roof for a corresponding poclret, and vertical diaphragme integrally connecting the said wall with the said floor.

11. A concrete dam, comprising pockets open only at the up-stream side of the dam, the pockets having a floor, an inclined Wall extending integrally from the lower end of the floor in an up-stream direction, the wall being formed at intervals into arches, each arch forming the roof for a corresponding pocket, vertical diaphragms integrally connecting the said wall with the said floor, and a plurality of non-arched pockets ,intervening between adjacent arched pockets.

12. A concrete-dam having pockets, one alongside the other. and all open only to the up-stream side of the' dam, some of the pockets having arched roofs.

13. A concrete dam having pockets one alongside the other and all open only to the up-stream side of the dam, some of they pockets having arched roofs, and a plurality'v of the remaining non-arched roof pockets intervening between adjacent arched roof pockets, to form spillways having as bot `tenis the non-arched roofs and as sides thearches of the arched roof pockets. l

14. A concrete dam, comprising pockets open only at the up-stream side of the dam and approximately triangular in shape, the

base of the triangle forming the floor of the dam, vand integralanchoring means on the under side of the said floor. l

"15. A concrete dam, comprising pockets open-'only at the lip-stream side of the dam and approximatel triangular in shape, the base of the' triang e forming the fioor of the dam and the floorbeing extended beyond the apex of the triangle to form an integral water cushionnd integral anchoring means on the under side ofthe said floor and its ,extension.

16. A concrete dam, comprising integral members formingy pockets open at the uplhaving a base, di'a stream side of the dam for the water to fill the pockets, and a metallic reinforcement for .the said members and encircling the same to eliminate transverse or bending stress developed bythe water in the pockets. 17. A concrete dam comprising open only at the-up-stream side of the dam to lill with water, and a ymetallic reinforcement in the walls" of the pockets and encircling the same to .eliminate transverse or'bendin'g stress developed by .the .water in the pockets.'

18.l A concrete dam comprising cells and having a base, diaphragme and a decking,

having abase, diaphragms and a decking, a

and inclined in an -lip-stream' direction, diacellsrhaving arched' roofs,l v Icommon to adjacent cells' forming straight forming the straight sides of .metallic reinforcement embedded in vthe said base, diaphragms and decking, and an auxiliary reinforcement in the decking of the l cells.

22,'*A concrete dam comprising la l0or, a Wall extending integrally from the said floor phragm's integrally connecting the saidwall and floor with each other and extending Vertically and longitudinally for formin'gpockets ope'n upstream to be filled with water for the latter to exert tensile -stressesfon the members of the'dam, and a metallic reinforcement embedded. in the said iioor, wall and' diaphragins for eliminating transverse or bending stress developed by.l thewater in the cells. .E

23. A concrete dam comprising groups of sides of the pockets.

24. A- concrete' dam .comprising cells or. pockets' having 'arched' roofs, the partition walls common to adjacent cells the pockets, and a metallic reinforcement embedded in the walls ofthe said cells.

25. A concrete.'dam'comprising groups of cells or vpockets having 'arched roofs, the par-' 66 titionwalls common to adjacent cells form' roofs of some of the ing the straight sides of the pockets, the cells lof each group be ing on a higher level tha'n the others 'to form ."spillv'vays between adjacent raised roofs.

26. A concrete dam comprising groups 'of cells or Apockets having arched roofs, the parpockets o rcement formed of -condiaphragms and a' decking,-

" l31."A concrete dam,

' having a base, diaphra 4 y metallic reinforcement ormed of continuous the partition' walls.y

groups of' tition vwalls common to adjacent cells forming the straight. sides of the ockets, the roofs of some of the cells of eac ing in the form of arches and on the higher level than -the othersto forni spillways between adjacentraised roofs.

27. A concrete dam comprising groups -o'ff cells or pocketshaving arched roofs, 'the par` group betition walls common to' adjacent cells form- -f ing the straight .sidesofvthe p0ckets,'thel roofs of some of th'ecells of each group being in -theform 0 archesand ona higher level than theothers tofform spillway's bei tween adjacent raised roofs, the -lower roofs of the intermediate, cells'being inthe' 'forml 28. A concerte dam comprising groups off" I cells,'e'ach group. having 'cells withfflexiblej v arches 'and' cells .with nonflexible arches.

' 2 9.' A'concrete-damcompising cells, some l of which have iexible roofs a'nd-the adja cent ones have non-flexible roofs,

30. Aconcrete dam comprising cells, sun-1 dry of'which have raised flexible roofs and .adj a'centones have non-flexible lower roofs to4 form spillways.'

a plurality arches with spandrel-ffilling. a

32. A concrete daml t comprising-cells', simi "dry of which have raised flexible arches, and

of 'intermediate cells 'having' comprising cells each.'

m's and .'a decking, a

membersembe-dded in. the said base, 'diaphragms anddecking, "the members of' the diaphragms for one cell bein@ near the face of the diaphragm Ifor the strutsl in the vsaid diaphragms.

adjacent cell', and

33. concrete dam 'comprising cells having a base, diaphragms anda decking', a

members embedded inthe said base, diaghragms and decking, the members in 2 the iaphragms for one cell beingnear "the 'facev of the diaphragm 'for the adjacentcell, 4and struts embedded in the diaphragms for en gagement with the base anddiaphragm 'members at their junction.v V3a. A concrete damcomprisingn'cells eachl having a base, diaphragms and a decking, a

metallic reinforcement formed of `fcoiitinuo'u's said base, 'difaand struts for t.`ev

members 'embedded in the phragms and decking,

said continuous members and :embedded in" the lower ends of the diaphragms 35; A yconcrete dam comprising cells each i having a base, diaphra ms andaidcking, a

metallicreinforcement orined of continuojus members embedded inthe, Said base, dia

phragms 'and' decking, and vlinemeshed fabric reinforcements embedded in the bas diaphragm and decking' of the lcells.

36. A concretel dama-comprising cells 'feac 'having a base,

diaphragm's and a' decking, *metallic reinforcement formed of continuous 105. metallic reinforcement formed'vof-'contin-uous members embedded in the said base, diaphragms and decking, and fine-meshed fabric reinforcements embedded in the base,

diaphragm and decking of the cells adjajecent to the surfaces thereof.

37. A dam, -comprising integral members formin pockets open at the upstream side of the am for the Water to fill the pockets, and continuous metallic reinforces encircling the pockets, and embedded in the walls thereof. 4

38. A dam comprising a plurality of pockets arranged alongside each other and opening upstream, said pockets boing oval in cross section, vend'provided with continuous 15 metal reinforces in the Walls thereof and encircling the pockets.

39. A dam comprising a plurality of pockets arranged side by side and opening upstream for receiving the Water, and closed 20 'loops encircling the pockets.

1n testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in thepresence of two subscribing Witnesses.

HENRYARTHUR ICKE.

Vitnesses:

WV. A. HILLIS, D. STEVENS. 

